AIDS Related Malignancies

患有艾滋病的人比没有这种疾病的人更容易患上某些类型的癌症. When people who have HIV develop certain cancers, 医疗保健提供者认为他们的艾滋病毒感染已经发展为艾滋病. 这些类型的癌症包括卡波西肉瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤和宫颈癌.

患有艾滋病毒或艾滋病的人也更容易患皮肤癌, anus, lung, and liver, as well as develop Hodgkin lymphoma.

Facts about AIDS-related malignancies

卡波西肉瘤是一种在没有感染艾滋病毒的人群中罕见的癌症. In fact, 与没有感染艾滋病毒的人相比,感染艾滋病毒的人患卡波西肉瘤的风险增加了几千倍. 感染艾滋病毒的人患非霍奇金淋巴瘤的可能性至少高出20至70倍, 10 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma, and 25 times more likely to develop anal cancer. 他们患宫颈癌和肝癌的可能性也要高出5倍, 患肺癌的可能性至少是没有感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的人的3倍.

尽管艾滋病会增加患几种癌症的风险, certain AIDS-related cancers have become less common. This may be because of the wider use of antiretroviral, or anti-HIV medicines, which combat the virus that causes AIDS.

当一个人感染了艾滋病毒,免疫系统就不能正常工作了. As a result, 癌症可能发展得更快,更难治疗, 因为免疫系统通常在癌细胞变成肿瘤之前帮助对抗它们. 服用抗艾滋病药物的人——帮助增强免疫系统的药物——可能更能从抗癌治疗中获益.

Symptoms

不同类型的艾滋病相关癌症会导致不同的症状. These may include:

  • Kaposi sarcoma. 这种癌症的明显症状是皮肤或口腔内出现紫色或棕色斑点(病变). The disease can affect internal organs and tissues. 包括肺、消化道和淋巴结. It can also cause fever, diarrhea, and weight loss.

  • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Symptoms are fever; unexplained weight loss; sweating at night; swollen lymph nodes in the underarms, groin, and neck; and a sense of fullness in the chest. 其他症状包括记忆力减退、癫痫发作和疲劳.

  • Cervical cancer. 这可能不会引起症状,特别是在其生长的早期. Eventually, however, cervical cancer may cause abnormal vaginal bleeding, discomfort during sex, and an unusual vaginal discharge.

  • Anal cancer. Symptoms may include pain in the anal area, bleeding, itching, a change in bowel habits, or a lump in the area.

  • Lung cancer. Symptoms can include severe coughing, which may bring up blood; chest pain; trouble breathing; fatigue; and weight loss.

Diagnosis

To diagnose Kaposi sarcoma, 医疗保健提供者可能会做身体检查并取出病变样本在显微镜下检查. 你可能还需要做胸部x光检查,看看这种疾病是否已经影响到你的肺部. 医疗保健提供者可能还需要使用小范围直接检查您的肺部,以拍摄照片和组织样本. Kaposi sarcoma can also affect the digestive system, 因此,内窥镜和/或结肠镜检查也可能是必要的,以检查上消化道和下消化道.

Likewise, 诊断艾滋病相关淋巴瘤可能需要进行多项检查, including blood tests and biopsies. Other tests might include CT or MRI scans. These create images of the inside of your body. 医疗保健提供者也可能会进行身体检查,看看你的大脑和神经系统工作得如何. 医生可能会做腰椎穿刺检查你脊髓中的液体是否有癌症, as well.

A healthcare provider may find early cervical cancer, or cells that could become cancerous, during a Pap test. 医疗保健提供者可能会做身体检查和直肠指检来检查肛门癌. 诊断这种疾病的其他方法包括用特殊的显微镜检查该区域或取出细胞在显微镜下检查.

To diagnose lung cancer, 医疗保健提供者可能会通过x射线获得您的肺部图像, CT, or MRI scan. Blood tests may also be helpful. 医疗保健提供者可能会分析您肺部的粘液、液体或组织. Other tests might be needed to look for cancer spread. 

Treatment

医疗保健提供者可以用抗hiv药物治疗卡波西肉瘤. 其他治疗可能包括手术(或其他局部治疗), chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation.

艾滋病相关淋巴瘤的治疗可能包括使用抗艾滋病毒药物, chemotherapy, and radiation. 宫颈癌的治疗通常从一个小手术开始,切除癌细胞. In some cases, chemotherapy, radiation, 手术切除子宫和其他组织也可能是必要的. 手术、化疗和放疗也用于治疗肛门癌和肺癌.

Prevention

预防艾滋病毒感染将预防与艾滋病有关的恶性肿瘤. Important steps to lower your risk include:

  • Not sharing needles or syringes with other people

  • Avoiding unprotected sex

  • Limiting how many sexual partners you have 

  • Not coming into contact with other people's blood

  • 定期进行艾滋病毒和其他性传播疾病的检测

其他步骤可以帮助预防一些其他类型的艾滋病相关癌症:

  • 不吸烟和避免吸二手烟可以降低患肺癌和其他癌症的风险.

  • 限制你的性伴侣,使用避孕套,不吸烟,以降低患宫颈癌的风险. 定期检查可以让你的医疗保健提供者在异常细胞发展成癌症之前发现它们. 接种人乳头瘤病毒疫苗也可能降低尚未感染的人的风险.

Managing this condition

If you have an AIDS-related cancer, 您的医疗保健提供者可能会推荐您可以自行采取的步骤来减轻症状. 一定要与你的医疗保健提供者讨论可用于艾滋病相关癌症的不同治疗方法,因为确实存在许多治疗选择.

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